不同增殖方式来源的绿潮藻浒苔藻体生长及光合生理特性差异

为了探讨原位状态下不同增殖方式得到的绿潮藻浒苔生物体的差异,通过原位围隔实验,分别获取漂浮浒苔释放的孢子萌发形成的藻体(ST)和浒苔自身营养增殖得到的藻体(VT),通过比较这两种浒苔的生长、光合作用和荧光参数的不同,来估测其光合生理特性的差异。结果表明,ST的生长速率比VT显著高出61.27%,并且ST的最大光合作用速率(Pmax)、光合效率(α)和光合活性(P/R)比VT分别显著高出25.33%、14.93%和134.69%,而呼吸作用速率和光补偿点比VT显著低了45.7%和52.2%,这表明ST与VT相比具有更大的生长优势。另外,VT的相对电子传递速率(rETR)显著高于ST,在高光下尤为显著,并且VT在高光下具有更高的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)能力,这说明浒苔通过自身营养增殖产生的藻体对高光的适应能力比其由孢子萌发形成的藻体更强。     

凡纳滨对虾细胞因子信号转导负调控因子 基因(Lv-SOCS)的克隆及特征分析

为了探讨凡纳滨对虾细胞因子信号转导负调控因子(SOCS)在病毒引发的免疫应答过程中的潜在作用,本实验根据前期的转录组和表达谱结果提示信息,首次克隆了凡纳滨对虾的SOCS基因(Lv-SOCS,GenBank注册号:KJ000426),利用在线软件进行了生物信息学分析,运用半定量的方法进行了组织表达分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术分析了该基因在白斑杆状病毒(WSSV)侵染过程中的表达变化特征。结果显示,Lv-SOCS的ORF区1 191 bp,编码397个氨基酸,预测分析显示该基因编码的蛋白质含有1个SH2结构域和1个SOCS-box结构域,组织表达分析表明该基因主要在凡纳滨对虾血细胞、肠道和肝胰腺中表达。在WSSV感染后中晚期(6~48 hpi),Lv-SOCS可以被显著诱导,在血细胞中呈明显上调表达趋势,表明该基因在一定程度上参与了凡纳滨对虾体内由WSSV引发的先天免疫应答过程,上述结果为进一步研究Lv-SOCS基因在对虾应答病毒侵染过程中的功能和作用机制奠定了基础。     

Mineralogical and Textural Characteristics of Soils of Hancheng and Shannxi Province,China

Studies were conducted to investigate mineralogical and textural characteristics of Hancheng soils in relation to fertility status, mineralogical, and particle size distribution properties, which were determined from soil samples of the profile pits in 2014. Prepared representative clay fraction samples were subjected to x-ray diffraction analysis for mineralogical characterization. The results show dominant of quartz, attributed to high granitic parent materials with a range of 65.7–84.6% mean 54.1%, moganite 59.8%, albite 12.0–26.3% mean 21.03%, flusston 18.1%, calcium magnesium silicate 10.6%, muscovite 7.8%, olivine 1.8%, and illite 1.6% were detected. The particle size distribution analysis revealed sand fraction of 28.12–30.12% mean 29.1%, 22.12–28.12% mean 25.1%; silt 34.0–36.0% mean 35%, 32.0–38.0% mean 35%; and clay 35.9–35.9% mean 35.9%, 35.9–43.9% mean 32.6% surface and subsurface soils respectively. Texture classes of the soils were clay loam to clay apredominantly clay loam. The mineralogical and textural characteristics are important in relation to soil fertility, which allow farmers to adapt crop management practices with real soil situation.     

Spatial patterns of microbial denitrification genes change in response to poultry litter placement and cover crop species in an agricultural soil

Subsurface-banding manure and winter cover cropping are farming techniques designed to reduce N loss. Little is known, however, about the effects of these management tools on denitrifying microbial communities and the greenhouse gases they produce. Abundances of bacterial (16S), fungal (ITS), and denitrification genes (nirK, nirS, nosZ-I, and nosZ-II) were measured in soil samples collected from a field experiment testing the combination of cereal rye and hairy vetch cover cropping with either surface-broadcasted or subsurface-banded poultry litter. The spatial distribution of genes was mapped to identify potential denitrifier hotspots. Spatial distribution maps showed increased 16S rRNA genes around the manure band, but no denitrifier hotspots. Soil depth and nitrate concentration were the strongest drivers of gene abundance, but bacterial gene abundance also differed by gene, soil characteristics, and management methods. Gene copy number of nirK was higher under cereal rye than hairy vetch and positively associated with soil moisture, while nirS gene copies did not differ between cover crop species. The nirS gene copies increased when manure was surface broadcasted compared to subsurface banded and was positively associated with pH. Soil moisture and pH were positively correlated to nosZ-II but not to nosZ-I gene copy numbers. We observed stronger correlations between nosZ-I and nirS, and nosZ-II and nirK gene copies compared to the reverse pairings. Agricultural management practices differentially affect spatial distributions of genes coding for denitrification enzymes, leading to changes in the composition of the denitrifying community.     

Effects of six years of simulated N deposition on gross soil N transformation rates in an old-growth temperate forest

Elevated atmospheric nitrogen(N) deposition has been detected in many regions of China, but its effects on soil N transformation in temperate forest ecosystems are not well known. We therefore simulated N deposition with four levels of N addition rate(N0, N30, N60, and N120) for6 years in an old-growth temperate forest in Xiaoxing'an Mountains in Northeastern China. We measured gross N transformation rates in the laboratory using ~(15)N tracing technology to explore the effects of N deposition on soil gross N transformations taking advantage of N deposition soils. No significant differences in gross soil N transformation rates were observed after 6 years of N deposition with various levels of N addition rate. For all N deposition soils, the gross NH_4~+ immobilization rates were consistently lower than the gross N mineralization rates,leading to net N mineralization. Nitrate(NO_3~-) was primarily produced via oxidation of NH_4~+(i.e., autotrophic nitrification), whereas oxidation of organic N(i.e., heterotrophic nitrification) was negligible. Differences between the quantity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea were not significant for any treatment, which likely explains the lack of a significant effect on gross nitrification rates. Gross nitrification rates were much higher than the total NO_3~- consumption rates,resulting in a build-up of NO_3~-, which highlights the high risk of N losses via NO_3~- leaching or gaseous N emissions from soils. This response is opposite that of typical N-limited temperate forests suffering from N deposition,suggesting that the investigated old-growth temperate forest ecosystem is likely to approach N saturation.     

Nutritional Properties of Various Tissues from New Kenaf Cultivars

Kenaf is an economically important crop that contains various functional compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional properties of leaves, stem bark, flowers, and seeds collected from three mutant kenaf cultivars (Jangdae, Baekma, and Jeokbong) and two original cultivars (Jinju and C14). For all analyzed tissues, there were no significant differences in the proximate compositions (moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, ash, and nitrogen-free extract) among the tested genotypes, except for the leaf crude protein content, which was highest in Jinju plants. Of the tested minerals, potassium and calcium were the most abundant in all tissues. Additionally, we detected significant differences in the mineral contents (e.g., calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc, and iron) of various tissues in all cultivars. Proline and phenylalanine were the major amino acids detected in leaves, and the highest total amino acid (TAA) and essential amino acid (EAA) contents were observed in Jinju plants. The TAA and EAA contents were lower in stem bark than in the other tissues, except in Baekma plants, in which the lowest levels were observed in flowers. Moreover, the TAA and EAA contents were approximately 20 times lower in white flowers (Baekma) than in ivory flowers. Furthermore, the highest TAA and EAA concentrations were observed in Jangdae seeds. These results may be useful for identifying the optimal cultivar and tissues for use in food products.     

土地利用方式对雅江中游土壤理化性质及 颗粒分形特征的影响

采取野外调查和室内试验相结合方法,分析了雅江中游4种土地利用方式基本理化性质,并运用土壤颗粒体积分形维数模型研究了不同土地利用方式土壤颗粒分形特征及与土壤粒径、性状关系。结果表明:(1)不同土地利用方式0~30 cm土壤理化性质差异显著(P0.05),土壤容重表现为稀疏灌丛农耕地荒草地人工林地,随着土壤层次增加,土壤容重呈增大趋势。总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、饱和持水率、毛管持水率均与容重规律相反;(2)4种土地利用方式主要以粉粒、砂粒为主,黏粒含量仅占到0.36%~4.27%,土壤质地偏砂性;(3)0~30 cm土壤颗粒体积分形维数平均值的顺序为:农耕地荒草地人工林地稀疏灌丛。人工林地具有较好的土壤结构,相对疏松、通透性好。而稀疏灌丛受到砾石影响,分形维数最小,但在保水保肥能力上最弱;(4)土壤颗粒体积分形维数与砂粒体积百分含量呈极显著负相关(r=–0.873,P0.01);与粉粒体积百分含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.860,P0.01);与黏粒体积百分含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.913,P0.01)。这表明,一定程度上,研究区分形维数可作为评估水土流失的指标;(5)土壤颗粒体积分形维数与各土壤单一物理性质具有不同程度相关性,其中与总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、饱和含水量、毛管含水量均为正相关关系,而与容重、有机质呈负相关关系。     

Evaluation for heat stress tolerance in durum wheat genotypes using stress tolerance indices

Heat stress is a major environmental stress limiting wheat productivity in most cereal growing areas of the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate heat stress tolerance in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) genotypes. For this purpose, 45 genotypes were grown during two growing seasons (2012–2013 and 2013–2014) under non-stress (normal sowing) and heat-stress (late sowing) conditions. The heat tolerance indices were calculated based on grain yield under normal sowing (Yp) and late sowing (Ys) conditions. Results of combined analysis of variance showed the significant influences of heat stress on grain yield as well as significant differences among genotypes for grain yield and the indices. Results of correlation coefficients and multivariate analyses revealed that the stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity and mean productivity (MP) indices were the most profitable criteria for selection of heat tolerant and high yielding genotypes. Using STI, GMP and MP, the genotypes G29, G41 and G10 were found to be the best genotypes with relatively high yield and suitable for both normal and heat stressed conditions. Based on biplot analysis using Yp, Ys and the indices, it was possible to identify superior genotypes across the conditions.     

The response of wildtype and mutant cultivars of soybean to salt stress - comparing vegetative and reproductive phases on the basis of leaf biochemical contents,RWC, and stomatal conductance

Soybean, as a major oilseed crop, is cultivated in many parts of the world including saline-affected regions. A four-replicated factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with five salinity levels (control, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl) and five wild-type and new mutant cultivars of soybean (Williams, Clark, M-4, M-7, and M-9) was done at two vegetative and reproductive phases to study leaf oxidants, antioxidants and osmolytes under salinity stress. The vegetative phase demonstrated higher K⁺:Na⁺ ratio, cell membrane stability, relative water content (RWC) and stomatal conductance to H₂O (gs) accompanied with lower oxidative stress, antioxidants and osmolytes contrasting to reproductive phase. At both phenological phases, saline stress stimulated antioxidative defense owing to the enhancement of oxidative stress. The results indicated that mutants possessed a better antioxidative system than their wild-types.     

Seed dormancy and soil seedbank of the invasive weed Chenopodium hybridum in north‐western China

Seed dormancy and persistence in the soil seedbank play a key role in timing of germination and seedling emergence of weeds; thus, knowledge of these traits is required for effective weed management. We investigated seed dormancy and seed persistence on/in soil of Chenopodium hybridum, an annual invasive weed in north‐western China. Fresh seeds are physiologically dormant. Sulphuric acid scarification, mechanical scarification and cold stratification significantly increased germination percentages, whereas dry storage and treatments with plant growth regulators or nitrate had no effect. Dormancy was alleviated by piercing the seed coat but not the pericarp. Pre‐treatment of seeds collected in 2012 and 2013 with sulphuric acid for 30 min increased germination from 0% to 66% and 62% respectively. Effect of cold stratification on seed germination varied with soil moisture content (MC) and duration of treatment; seeds stratified in soil with 12% MC for 2 months germinated to 39%. Burial duration, burial depth and their interaction had significant effects on seed dormancy and seed viability. Dormancy in fresh seeds was released from October to February, and seeds re‐entered dormancy in April. Seed viability decreased with time for seeds on the soil surface and for those buried at a depth of 5 cm, and 39% and 10%, respectively, were viable after 22 months. Thus, C. hybridum can form at least a short‐lived persistent soil seedbank.